Study Questions in Anatomy Text

-Chapter one:

critical thinking:

2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's

(a) body temperature: Something hot or cold applied to thier head

(b) blood oxygen concentration: They could be put on a oxygen mask

(c) water content: They could get a iv with water fluids



4. If a patient complanied of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain? the intestines




Review Exercises:

Part A

2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.- anatomy deals with the structures of body parts and physiology considers the functions of these body parts.



4. List and describe ten characteristics of life.- movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion



6. List and describe five requirments of organisms.- water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure



7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirments you listed in item 6.- homeostasis keeps our internal environment stable and constant even though our outside environment such as food and heat.



11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.- increased repiratory activity that maintains blood levels of oxygen in the internal environment during hard excercise.



13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.- axial includes the head, neck and trunk. The appendicular includes the upper and lower limbs.



14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within each. dorsal: subdivided into two parts- cranial cavity; brain and verterbral canal; spinal cord. Ventral: thoracic and abdominopelvic.



Part B

1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:

(a) stomach- abdominal

(b) heart- mediastinum (thoracic)

(c) brain- cranial (dorsal)

(d) liver- abdominal

(e) trachea- mediastinum (thoracic)

(f) rectum- pelvic

(g) spinal cord- verterbral (dorsal)

(h) esophagus- mediastinum (thoracic)

(i) spleen- abdominal

(j) urinary bladder- pelvic



3. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each of the following regions:

(a) epigastric

(b) umbilical

(c) hypogastric

(d) hypochondriac

(e) lumbar

(f) iliac

Chapter 3:

Critical Thinking:
1. Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain.-Osmosis
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine.-Diffusion
c. The concentration of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low.-Filtration

Review Exercises:

2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions. -Nerve cells are long and stringy. they support the electrical impulses over them.
-Muscle cells are thick and can stretch and contract. This allows muscle movement.
-Epithelial cells can stretch and are flexible to allow movement without snapping. They also have pores so sweat can be released.

3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
nucleus, mitochondria, and the cell membrane.
Nucleus: The control center.
Mitochondria: Stores energy and allows the cell to use the energy for basic functions.
Cell Membrane: Holds all organelles within the cell together and allows materials to leave and enter the cell.
Interaction- the cell needs something to control it, it also needs something to store and hold everything together

12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum-Smooth: breakdown of lipids, soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction. Rough: ribosomes lie on its surface and the proteins on these collect for transport throughout the cell.
b. ribosome-Are packets of RNA. Messenger RNA from the cell nucleus is moved along the ribosome while transfer RNA adds individual amino acid molecules to the protein chain.
c. Golgi appartus-A stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport in cell.
d. mitochondria-Provides energy
e. lysosome-Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for inracellular digestion.
f. peroxisome-Responsible for protecting the cell against its own toxic hydrogen peroxide.
g. cilium- a hair-like structure found outside the cell which aids in the cell's movement.
h. flagellum- a hair-like structure found outside the cells that aids in movement.
i. centrosome-An area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
j. vesicle- stores and transports substances.
k. microfilament-A protein filament found in golgi
l. microtubule-A protein filament found in golgi

13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains DNA and is responsible for the unique characteristics of the cell.

14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Diffusion is when everything dissolves in a substance, and facilitated diffusion is diffusion when only some particles can dissolve and pass through.
Chapter 5:

Review Exercises:
1. Define tissue.-A group of cells performing a similar function.

2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.-Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissue

12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.-Holds everything together; blood and bones are connective tissues.