Monday, April 28, 2008

Human Development Video

1. Name the molecule that carries our genes. DNA
2. Genes are located in the __DNA___________________________.
3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second? 1000
4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes? miosis
5. Most human cells have a total number of __46________ chromosomes.
6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this? diversity
7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization? fallopian tube
8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube? cilia and muscular contraction
9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid? 300 million
10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina? they must escape or die, acididty
11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception? gasterolation
12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception. 1/5 of an inch long, the backbone curves like a tail and the brain is developing on the side of the face is a eye
13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 ft long
14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound? 18 weeks
15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby? chromosomes
16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus? 2 months after fertilization
17. When does the placenta begin to form? in the early weeks
18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester? to grow
19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals? the human brain is 3 to 4 times bigger, narrower pelvis

Tuesday, April 22, 2008

Hormonal Control of Menstral Cycle


What is a hormone? chemicals that are produced in one part of the body and affect another
What system is responsible for the production of hormones? Glands
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
Where does the embryo undergo most of its development? uterus
What is another name for the fallopian tube? oviduct
Where does fertilization take place? oviduct
What is ovulation? the mature ovum contained in the follicle bursts out and migrates to the oviduct
What is the follicle converted to? corpus lethum
What happens during the flow phase? hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off
What happens during the follicular phase? developing follicle enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thiken.
What happens during the luteal phase? a hormone from the pituitary converts the follicle to corpus lethum
What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase? breaks down and bleeding occurs
What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle? FSH, LH, progesterone, estrogen
As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is? increasing
When the follicle ruptures it releases what? egg
What is considered the hormone of pregnancy? progesterone
What is the rhythm method? its a type of birth control where you guess when your not ovulating and have intercourse then
What do you call a couple using the rhythm method? parents
What is menopause? when you stop having your period What causes it? loss of LH
When does fertilization occur? when the egg and sperm meet
When is a zygote formed? during fertilization
What is a placenta? the tree of life, where charlie grew

Male and Female Reproductive System







What is the purpose of the reproductive system? production of offspring
What is the function of the ovaries? produce ova and female hormones
What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus? fallopian tubes
What is the name of the lining of the uterus? endometrium
Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located. fundus- top part, body- middle, cervix- neck-like portion that goes downward to vagina or birth canal
What is the female organ of copulation? vagina
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
What is the male organ of copulation? penis
What are the two functions of the urethra in the male? for urine and semen
What are the two functions of the testes? production of sperm cells, and secretion of endocrine substance
What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? scrotum
Why are the testes located outside the body? by keeping them outside the body the sperm functions better
Where do sperm mature? epididymis
What is the vas deferens? a small tube that connects epidiymis and ejaculation duct
What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? seminal vesicels
What are the functions of the prostate gland? secrets a alkaline fluid to keep the sprem mobile and protect them from acid from female vagina
What is semen? is made up of sperm cells and seceretions from seminal vesicles
Sketch a picture of the male reproductive system. Include the following: penis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, cowper’s gland, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, ejaculatory duct.

Monday, April 21, 2008

Repro Vocab

corpus luteum- A yellow, progesterone-secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg.
epididymis- A long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens.
gonad- a sex gland in which gametes are produced; an ovary or testis.
meiosis- part of the process of gamete formation, consisting of chromosome conjugation and two cell divisions, in the course of which the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to the haploid.
oocyte-an immature egg cell of the animal ovary
ovary- the female gonad or reproductive gland, in which the ova and the hormones that regulate female secondary sex characteristics develop.
placenta- the organ in most mammals, formed in the lining of the uterus by the union of the uterine mucous membrane with the membranes of the fetus, that provides for the nourishment of the fetus and the elimination of its waste products.
scrotum- the pouch of skin that contains the testes.
seminiferous tubule- any of the coiled tubules of the testis in which spermatozoa are produced
testis- the male gonad or reproductive gland, either of two oval glands located in the scrotum.
vulva- the external female genitalia.
blastocyst- the blastula of the mammalian embryo, consisting of an inner cell mass, a cavity, and an outer layer, the trophoblast.
embryo- the young of a viviparous animal, esp. of a mammal, in the early stages of development within the womb, in humans up to the end of the second month.
fetus- the young of an animal in the womb or egg, esp. in the later stages of development when the body structures are in the recognizable form of its kind, in humans after the end of the second month of gestation.
implantation- the attachment of the early embryo to the lining of the uterus.
lactation- the secretion or formation of milk.
umbilical cord- a cord or funicle connecting the embryo or fetus with the placenta of the mother and transporting nourishment from the mother and wastes from the fetus.
yolk sac- an extraembryonic membrane that encloses the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, and marsupials and that circulates nourishment from the yolk to the developing embryo.
zygote- the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage
ultrasound- using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs

Nutrition Interview

When you ask the question, “What is nutrition?” to someone the most common answer would be, “A balanced diet and exercise.” This is certainly health for your body, but it is not exactly what nutrition is alone. Nutrition is the process by which organisms take in and utilize food material. People have many misconceptions of what nutrition is. This is why I interviewed three people, asked them some questions, and will clarify their misconceptions for them.
One of the questions Luis was “Can you give an example of a nutritious meal?,” his reply was, “pizza, pasta, and lettuce.” I am guessing he thought the pizza consisted of meat, cheese, and bread, the pasta would contain starch and dairy, and the lettuce would act as a vegetable. He is correct in the sense when you break it down, but as a meal this would not be so healthy. The pizza is full of grease and loads of sauce, cheese and toppings. Besides that factor, there is no fruit or liquid. Liquids, preferably water are a very important essential to your meal. Number one they feel you up faster which is a plus, and number two you need something to wash your food down with.
Another question that Luis, Jeff, and TJ all had a misconception about was, “Is there more to nutrition than diet food? If so what?” The answer to this question is no, nutrition is solely diet food and balance. Every one of them said yes, exercise. Thinking that exercise is a healthy part of your diet, but they were confused because it has nothing to do with nutrition.
Also there are many minerals you have to provide your body with, including zinc, iron, potassium, calcium, and so on. When I asked my classmates this question they did mention the top minerals, but were confused about others. Some mentioned carbohydrates and proteins, and some mentioned water. Even though these things are very good for your body, they are not minerals.
I was surprised at how much Luis, Jeff, and TJ did know. When I asked them the question, “What makes a nutritious meal?” They all replied with the correct answer. They replied, “A balance of everything in the food pyramid would make a nutritious meal.” Also when I asked, “What do you think nutrition is?” Not one of them said dieting and exercise. They all replied with, “Healthy foods.”
Overall they had a pretty good understanding of what nutrition is. They had good ideas of what kind of meals they should eat. Even though exercise is not a part of nutrition, they all said it which shows that they know what’s healthy for them. Even though they had some confusion on some things, I would have answered the same if I hadn’t studied nutrition.

Thanks: Luis Hernandez, Jeff Green, and TJ Jones!

Digestive and Urinary Questions

Critical Thinking-

3. What effect is a before dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? most likely your body will start getting dehydrated before you eat. Since you will be dehydrated this will take your body longer to digest.

Why are such beverages not good for people with ulcers? Because the alcohol could burn the ulcer or make it worse.



Review Exercises-

1. List the accessory organs of the digestive system- stomach, small intestine, large intestine

2. List the major parts of the alimentary canal. mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intes., large intest., rectum

5. Name the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal. mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa

7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. para- increases the activites of the digestive system, symapthetic are the opposite

12. Describe the structure of a tooth. enamel, crown, dentin, pulp cavity, gingiva, alveolar, root canal, root, cementum

25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. results from a complex reflex that empties the stomach another way, irration or distension in the stomach or intestines can trigger it.



Review Exercises-

1. Name the organs of the urinary system kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder

3. List the functions of the kidneys produce urine

9. Distinguish among filtration, re absorption and secretion as they relate the all work together to keep your body balanced

16. define auto regulation- ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow in spite of changing arterial blood pressure.

34. describe the structure and function of ureter carries urine from kidney to bladder

36. discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed you will get a kidney infection

37. describe the structure of the urinary bladder stores urine until ready to be excreted

40. compare the urethra of a female with one of a male. the females is alot shorter then the male, also the males has 2 functions; urinate and ejaculate

Thursday, April 17, 2008

The Digestive System

1. What is the digestive tract? A long continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? It exits out the anus with dead cells, bacteria and other waste .
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. This message is from me to me. Remember that you saw this and it was fine., Blogger just did not want to post it.
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? It brings the food into the body and breaks it down.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? Bolus
6. What triggers peristalsis? presence of the bolus in the esophagus.
7. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? It closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus.
8. What is the mucous membrane? A protective layer that lines the entire digestive tract.
9. How long is the small intestine? Over 20 feet.
10. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? In the small intestine.
11. What increase the surface area of the small intestine? Villi
12. What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? The duodenum. its receptors can detect the presences of hypo- and hyper-tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme which, via the duodenum, affect the action of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
13. Where is bile stored? In the gallbladder
14. What is segmentation? A muscle contraction that breaks up the intestinal contents and mixes them with the digestive juices.
15. When does the ileocecal sphincter open? When the amount of food in the small intestine begins to build up.
16. What is the function of the anal sphincter? Stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
17. What is the function of the appendix in humans? There is no function for it in humans.
18. Where does digestion begin? In the mouth
19. What is gastric juice made of? A mixture of hydrochloric acid
20. Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? By the pancreas or the the intestinal glands
21. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? Amylase- completes the process of hydrolyzing starch; Maltase
22. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. Some diffuse across the intestinal membranes and into the blood by flowing along the concetration gradient. Others are forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is alreadt greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.

Tuesday, April 15, 2008

Urinary System Worksheet

What are three functions of the kidneys? Filters all matter from the blood, not just waste, reabsorbs all substances the body can make use of, elminates waste in blood in form of urine

What is the protective layer around the kidney?peri-renal canal

What is the outer layer of the kidney? cortex

What is the urine collection system of the kidney? medulla

What is the dilated end of the ureters called? pelvis

What is the function of the bladder? to store urine

What transports urine in males? urethra Females?urethra

Blood Tales


Thursday, April 3, 2008

Basic Respiratory System


What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system? Nose and Mouth
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? pharynx
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? larynx
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? anterior
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? nose and mouth
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? alveoli
What is the main muscle of respiration? diaphram
What happens when we inhale? the diaphram contracts Exhale? the diaphram relaxes
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.

The Heart

All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system? closed
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of PH and of body temperature
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. transport dissolved nutrients,transports gases, transports anitbodies, fights infection
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? atriums The lower cavities? ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? pulmonary veins The right atrium? superior and inferior vena cava
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle?aorta The right ventricle?pulmonary artery