Monday, April 28, 2008

Human Development Video

1. Name the molecule that carries our genes. DNA
2. Genes are located in the __DNA___________________________.
3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second? 1000
4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes? miosis
5. Most human cells have a total number of __46________ chromosomes.
6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this? diversity
7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization? fallopian tube
8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube? cilia and muscular contraction
9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid? 300 million
10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina? they must escape or die, acididty
11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception? gasterolation
12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception. 1/5 of an inch long, the backbone curves like a tail and the brain is developing on the side of the face is a eye
13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 ft long
14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound? 18 weeks
15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby? chromosomes
16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus? 2 months after fertilization
17. When does the placenta begin to form? in the early weeks
18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester? to grow
19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals? the human brain is 3 to 4 times bigger, narrower pelvis

Tuesday, April 22, 2008

Hormonal Control of Menstral Cycle


What is a hormone? chemicals that are produced in one part of the body and affect another
What system is responsible for the production of hormones? Glands
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
Where does the embryo undergo most of its development? uterus
What is another name for the fallopian tube? oviduct
Where does fertilization take place? oviduct
What is ovulation? the mature ovum contained in the follicle bursts out and migrates to the oviduct
What is the follicle converted to? corpus lethum
What happens during the flow phase? hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off
What happens during the follicular phase? developing follicle enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thiken.
What happens during the luteal phase? a hormone from the pituitary converts the follicle to corpus lethum
What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase? breaks down and bleeding occurs
What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle? FSH, LH, progesterone, estrogen
As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is? increasing
When the follicle ruptures it releases what? egg
What is considered the hormone of pregnancy? progesterone
What is the rhythm method? its a type of birth control where you guess when your not ovulating and have intercourse then
What do you call a couple using the rhythm method? parents
What is menopause? when you stop having your period What causes it? loss of LH
When does fertilization occur? when the egg and sperm meet
When is a zygote formed? during fertilization
What is a placenta? the tree of life, where charlie grew

Male and Female Reproductive System







What is the purpose of the reproductive system? production of offspring
What is the function of the ovaries? produce ova and female hormones
What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus? fallopian tubes
What is the name of the lining of the uterus? endometrium
Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located. fundus- top part, body- middle, cervix- neck-like portion that goes downward to vagina or birth canal
What is the female organ of copulation? vagina
Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
What is the male organ of copulation? penis
What are the two functions of the urethra in the male? for urine and semen
What are the two functions of the testes? production of sperm cells, and secretion of endocrine substance
What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? scrotum
Why are the testes located outside the body? by keeping them outside the body the sperm functions better
Where do sperm mature? epididymis
What is the vas deferens? a small tube that connects epidiymis and ejaculation duct
What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? seminal vesicels
What are the functions of the prostate gland? secrets a alkaline fluid to keep the sprem mobile and protect them from acid from female vagina
What is semen? is made up of sperm cells and seceretions from seminal vesicles
Sketch a picture of the male reproductive system. Include the following: penis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, cowper’s gland, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, ejaculatory duct.

Monday, April 21, 2008

Repro Vocab

corpus luteum- A yellow, progesterone-secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg.
epididymis- A long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens.
gonad- a sex gland in which gametes are produced; an ovary or testis.
meiosis- part of the process of gamete formation, consisting of chromosome conjugation and two cell divisions, in the course of which the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to the haploid.
oocyte-an immature egg cell of the animal ovary
ovary- the female gonad or reproductive gland, in which the ova and the hormones that regulate female secondary sex characteristics develop.
placenta- the organ in most mammals, formed in the lining of the uterus by the union of the uterine mucous membrane with the membranes of the fetus, that provides for the nourishment of the fetus and the elimination of its waste products.
scrotum- the pouch of skin that contains the testes.
seminiferous tubule- any of the coiled tubules of the testis in which spermatozoa are produced
testis- the male gonad or reproductive gland, either of two oval glands located in the scrotum.
vulva- the external female genitalia.
blastocyst- the blastula of the mammalian embryo, consisting of an inner cell mass, a cavity, and an outer layer, the trophoblast.
embryo- the young of a viviparous animal, esp. of a mammal, in the early stages of development within the womb, in humans up to the end of the second month.
fetus- the young of an animal in the womb or egg, esp. in the later stages of development when the body structures are in the recognizable form of its kind, in humans after the end of the second month of gestation.
implantation- the attachment of the early embryo to the lining of the uterus.
lactation- the secretion or formation of milk.
umbilical cord- a cord or funicle connecting the embryo or fetus with the placenta of the mother and transporting nourishment from the mother and wastes from the fetus.
yolk sac- an extraembryonic membrane that encloses the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, and marsupials and that circulates nourishment from the yolk to the developing embryo.
zygote- the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage
ultrasound- using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs

Nutrition Interview

When you ask the question, “What is nutrition?” to someone the most common answer would be, “A balanced diet and exercise.” This is certainly health for your body, but it is not exactly what nutrition is alone. Nutrition is the process by which organisms take in and utilize food material. People have many misconceptions of what nutrition is. This is why I interviewed three people, asked them some questions, and will clarify their misconceptions for them.
One of the questions Luis was “Can you give an example of a nutritious meal?,” his reply was, “pizza, pasta, and lettuce.” I am guessing he thought the pizza consisted of meat, cheese, and bread, the pasta would contain starch and dairy, and the lettuce would act as a vegetable. He is correct in the sense when you break it down, but as a meal this would not be so healthy. The pizza is full of grease and loads of sauce, cheese and toppings. Besides that factor, there is no fruit or liquid. Liquids, preferably water are a very important essential to your meal. Number one they feel you up faster which is a plus, and number two you need something to wash your food down with.
Another question that Luis, Jeff, and TJ all had a misconception about was, “Is there more to nutrition than diet food? If so what?” The answer to this question is no, nutrition is solely diet food and balance. Every one of them said yes, exercise. Thinking that exercise is a healthy part of your diet, but they were confused because it has nothing to do with nutrition.
Also there are many minerals you have to provide your body with, including zinc, iron, potassium, calcium, and so on. When I asked my classmates this question they did mention the top minerals, but were confused about others. Some mentioned carbohydrates and proteins, and some mentioned water. Even though these things are very good for your body, they are not minerals.
I was surprised at how much Luis, Jeff, and TJ did know. When I asked them the question, “What makes a nutritious meal?” They all replied with the correct answer. They replied, “A balance of everything in the food pyramid would make a nutritious meal.” Also when I asked, “What do you think nutrition is?” Not one of them said dieting and exercise. They all replied with, “Healthy foods.”
Overall they had a pretty good understanding of what nutrition is. They had good ideas of what kind of meals they should eat. Even though exercise is not a part of nutrition, they all said it which shows that they know what’s healthy for them. Even though they had some confusion on some things, I would have answered the same if I hadn’t studied nutrition.

Thanks: Luis Hernandez, Jeff Green, and TJ Jones!

Digestive and Urinary Questions

Critical Thinking-

3. What effect is a before dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? most likely your body will start getting dehydrated before you eat. Since you will be dehydrated this will take your body longer to digest.

Why are such beverages not good for people with ulcers? Because the alcohol could burn the ulcer or make it worse.



Review Exercises-

1. List the accessory organs of the digestive system- stomach, small intestine, large intestine

2. List the major parts of the alimentary canal. mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intes., large intest., rectum

5. Name the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal. mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa

7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. para- increases the activites of the digestive system, symapthetic are the opposite

12. Describe the structure of a tooth. enamel, crown, dentin, pulp cavity, gingiva, alveolar, root canal, root, cementum

25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. results from a complex reflex that empties the stomach another way, irration or distension in the stomach or intestines can trigger it.



Review Exercises-

1. Name the organs of the urinary system kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder

3. List the functions of the kidneys produce urine

9. Distinguish among filtration, re absorption and secretion as they relate the all work together to keep your body balanced

16. define auto regulation- ability of an organ or tissue to maintain a constant blood flow in spite of changing arterial blood pressure.

34. describe the structure and function of ureter carries urine from kidney to bladder

36. discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed you will get a kidney infection

37. describe the structure of the urinary bladder stores urine until ready to be excreted

40. compare the urethra of a female with one of a male. the females is alot shorter then the male, also the males has 2 functions; urinate and ejaculate

Thursday, April 17, 2008

The Digestive System

1. What is the digestive tract? A long continuous tube with food first entering at the mouth.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? It exits out the anus with dead cells, bacteria and other waste .
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine rectum, and all 4 sphincters. This message is from me to me. Remember that you saw this and it was fine., Blogger just did not want to post it.
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? It brings the food into the body and breaks it down.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? Bolus
6. What triggers peristalsis? presence of the bolus in the esophagus.
7. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? It closes the entrance to the stomach and prevents its contents from re-entering the esophagus.
8. What is the mucous membrane? A protective layer that lines the entire digestive tract.
9. How long is the small intestine? Over 20 feet.
10. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? In the small intestine.
11. What increase the surface area of the small intestine? Villi
12. What is the first section of the small intestine? What is its function? The duodenum. its receptors can detect the presences of hypo- and hyper-tonic solutions, acid and chemical changes in the chyme which, via the duodenum, affect the action of the entire gastrointestinal tract.
13. Where is bile stored? In the gallbladder
14. What is segmentation? A muscle contraction that breaks up the intestinal contents and mixes them with the digestive juices.
15. When does the ileocecal sphincter open? When the amount of food in the small intestine begins to build up.
16. What is the function of the anal sphincter? Stops waste from leaving the body until you want it to.
17. What is the function of the appendix in humans? There is no function for it in humans.
18. Where does digestion begin? In the mouth
19. What is gastric juice made of? A mixture of hydrochloric acid
20. Where are enzymes released in the small intestine produced? By the pancreas or the the intestinal glands
21. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase? Amylase- completes the process of hydrolyzing starch; Maltase
22. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method. Some diffuse across the intestinal membranes and into the blood by flowing along the concetration gradient. Others are forced through the membrane against a gradient, since their concentration in the blood is alreadt greater than it is in the intestinal lumen.

Tuesday, April 15, 2008

Urinary System Worksheet

What are three functions of the kidneys? Filters all matter from the blood, not just waste, reabsorbs all substances the body can make use of, elminates waste in blood in form of urine

What is the protective layer around the kidney?peri-renal canal

What is the outer layer of the kidney? cortex

What is the urine collection system of the kidney? medulla

What is the dilated end of the ureters called? pelvis

What is the function of the bladder? to store urine

What transports urine in males? urethra Females?urethra

Blood Tales


Thursday, April 3, 2008

Basic Respiratory System


What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system? Nose and Mouth
Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? pharynx
In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? larynx
Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? anterior
What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? nose and mouth
What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? alveoli
What is the main muscle of respiration? diaphram
What happens when we inhale? the diaphram contracts Exhale? the diaphram relaxes
Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.

The Heart

All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system? closed
How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of PH and of body temperature
Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. transport dissolved nutrients,transports gases, transports anitbodies, fights infection
What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? arteries
What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? veins
What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? pericardium
What is the muscular portion of the heart called? myocardium
What is the lining of the myocardium called? endocardium
What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? atriums The lower cavities? ventricles
What veins carry blood to the left atrium? pulmonary veins The right atrium? superior and inferior vena cava
What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle?aorta The right ventricle?pulmonary artery

Tuesday, March 18, 2008

Nervous System Article

Steve Stice is a University of Georgia stem cell researcher. He is working with the U.S Naval Research Laboratory, and has discovered a new way to use cells. Stice thinks his dicovery will help protect national security. He is researching to create a portable chemical weapons system, this could be used for homeland security or could help soldiers out on the field. Detection systems they have now days use nerve cells from mouse embryos. The problem is, "That mouse cells only last about two weeks before dying, and don't respond in the same way as human cells.", Stice said. Neural cells from humans last longer than four months. The detection device developed by Navy engineers, is on average the size of a carpenter's tool box. The cells sit on top of electrodes that record changes in electrical activity, indicating the presence of an outside agent, like nerve gas. What they want to be able to do, which might take a while is to be able to use the stem cells from aborted babies. I believe there is a pro and a con to this. People all over the world are aborting babies, which is tremendously wrong in my opinon, seeing that I am 16 years old with a baby boy. But, if there are going to be people out there who continue to do this then why not do something positive with the cells left from this awful tradgedy. If they do use them though, the con to this would be that it might encourage people to have a abortion, or just take some of the guilt away since it would be going to a good cause.

Monday, March 17, 2008

senses graphic organizer




Basic Eye Worksheet



The eye is part of which nervous system? central nervous system
What types of tissues give the eye protection? skull and fatty connective tissue
What structure in the eye produces tears? lacrimal glands
What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye? conjunctiva
What is the cornea? protection and lets light hit your eyes
What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones? Retina
What is the function of the rods? night vision The cones?daylight and color vision
What is the colored part of the eye? iris
What structure allows light to enter the eye? cornea
Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina

Basic Ear Worksheet


Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following:
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus


What is the function of the following:
Pinna: flap cartiledge which directs sound waves to canal
tympanic membrane: converts sound waves into sound vibrations
ossicles: magnify sound vibrations
cochlea: transports nerve impulses to the brain
semicircular canals: balance the equilibrium in body
What three bones make up the ossicles? incus, malleus, and stapes
What is the function of hairs in the ear? catching the vibrations

Monday, March 3, 2008

Basic Nervous System


What does CNS and PNS stand for? Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System
What are the parts of the CNS? Brain and spinal cord
Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls. When you eat, the PNS tells you to digests it.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control? Sympathetic= controls the body in time of stress, worry, or fear and Parasympathetic= brings brain back to normal state and allows relaxation
What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each? sensory= to tell your brain when somethings hurt, motor= moves when the sensory tells your brain, and inter=leaves the first neuron and travels through the CNS
What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? axon=The sender The dendrite?recieving end
What is a synapse? sparking or jumping of a neural impulse from one nueron to another
Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.

My life would be different!!

My life would be completely different if I did not have any muscles in my face. A tremendous amount of communication comes from facial expression. I wouldn't be able to smile or frown, or make a sour face when I ate something that didn't taste good. If my skeleton was on the outside of me first off that would just be nasty. Secondly I'd have to be real careful since there would be nothing protecting my bones. If I had no bones in my feet or hands, that would be difficult. I'd have to ride the mobile buggies around at the grocery store and since my hands probably wouldn't function someone would have to get the groceries for me. I wouldn't be able to type like I am now, or pick up a pencil. If my muscles did not connect to my bones, I would of course have both, but they would not work together like they should. I'd probably be able to do things, but I wouldn't be that strong. Yeah my life would definitely be different.

Thursday, February 21, 2008

Tuesday, February 19, 2008

Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet




1.What percent of the body is smooth muscle? 5% to 10%Striated muscle? 40%
2.Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?


Stroma- constitutes about 1/5 of muscle protien, it holds the rest of the structures in place.


Cellular- metabolically active cells


Contractile- essential for contraction
3.What is a myofibril? form longitudinal straitions in the muscle
4.Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
5.Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere. I band and A band
6.Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
7.What is the sliding filament theory? explains that the thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere
8.Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what?calcium ions

Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet

1.Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint? because the bones making up the joint are united with strong fibrous tissue.
2.What is an example of a fibrous joint? sutures which hold the bones in the skull
3.Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example. where bones are united by intervening fibrocartilage- vertebrae of the spinal column are joined by intervertebral discs
4.What type of joint essentially allows free movement? synovial joints
5.What lubricates a joint cavity? synovial fluid
6.For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example.
Plane joint- synovial, gliding or slipping, slighlty curved articular surfaces, carpal bones in the hand
Hinge joint- synovial, movement is limited to rotate around a single axis, irregular cylinder and a concave groove, elbow joint
Condylar joint-synovial, similar to hinge but also as other movements, has 2 aticular surfaces, the knee joint
Ball and Socket joint- synovial, spherical articulation, movement in variety of directions, the shoulder joint
Ellipsoidal joint- synovial, oval ball and socket, variety of direct, wrist joint
Pivot joint- synovial, bony peg, rotate with respect to the other, joints between the radius and ulna
Saddle joint- synovial, 2 western saddles, articulating surfaces concave in one direction and convex in the other, movement in variety of directions, joint at base of the thumb.

Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet


1.Describe the 4 functions of bones. supporting the body, protecting internal organs, produce blood cells, and provide muscle attachment
2.How many bones are there in the human body? 206
3.What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Name 5 specific bones in each division. axial: skull,sternum, clavicle,vertebal column, rib cage; appendicular: humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur
4.What bone makes up the upper arm? humerus
5.What bone makes up the face? skull
6.Name two bones that protect vital internal organs. ribs
7.What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side? radius
8.What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to? scapula
9.What bone is also known as the shin bone? tibia
10.Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.


Thursday, February 14, 2008

Integumentary System Graphic Organizer











Integumentary Study Questions in Text

Critical Thinking Questions: pg. 193
3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissue. How would you explain this observation? Because deeper burns destroy your nerves and feelings.
6. How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when excercising in warm weather. It is important to keep your body hydrated during excercise in warm weather so that if your body gets overheated you have enough water to sweat it out and regain normal temperature.
8. How is skin peeling after a severe sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective? Peeling after a sunburn is protective because it allows your body's new cells to restore your skin.

Review Excercises: pg. 194
4. List six functions of skin. Protection, Sensation, Heat Regulation, Control of Evaporation, Excretion, and Absorption.
5. Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis. Epidermis is the layer of skin on the top and dermis is the deeper part of the skin underneath.
6. Describe the subcutaneous layer. It lies below the dermis and is made up of loose connective tissue. It helps to insulate the body by monitoring heat gain and heat loss.
8. List the layers of the epidermis. Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum.
13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. Hair is an outgrowth of proteins and hair follicles are the skin that grows the hair by packing cells together.
15. Describe how nails are formed. Nails are made of a tough protein called keratin which is produced from living skin cells in the fingers and toes.
16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands. They act to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. They can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin.
22. Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature. The nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands to remain inactive, then the body heat is conserved and it rises back to normal.
25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color. The amount of oxygen in the blood-if its well oxygenated then the skin appears pinkish in fair skinned people, if its oxygen concentration is low it appears bluish. The state of the blood vessels- if they're dialated then a fair-skinned person appears reddish, conditions that constrict the blood vessels make it lose the reddish color. And if a person had a liver malfunction-jaundice- they're skin appears yellowish.
27. Distinguish among first-, second-, and third-degree burns. First degree burns are only on the epidermis, they're red and they hurt but they heal quickly and there is no scarring. Second degree burns are on the epidermis and a little bit of the dermis, they're red they hurt n they cause blisters, they typically heal easily and usually dont scar unless there is an infection. Third degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis and appear leathery and dark but dont hurt.
28. Describe possible treatments for a third-degree burn. All third-degree burns require medical treatment.
29. List three effects of aging on skin. Appearance, temperature regulation, and vitamin D activation.

Tuesday, February 5, 2008

Word Find

Prefix,Suffix, and Roots Word Find

Anna Stevens

cardiooa
iiaorcim
vlrderma
riyrpnor
ehdahnst
cphobiah
pedntnnm
ondieaso
eapvgipi


1. away from
2. towards
3.inside
4.water
5.small
6.new
7.around
8.hand
9.foot
10.neck
11.nose
12.heart
13. skin
14. inflammation
15. love of
16.vein
17. fingers/toes
18. nose
19. joint
20. fear of

Monday, February 4, 2008

Graphic Organizer on body systems

Cell Video

There are 5 basic life functions:
Growth and Development
Reproduce
Respond to environment

Nutrition
Excertion

All living things have certain things in common:
Adaptation to their environment
Sensitive to environment
Reproduction
Cells

They grow and develop

The building blocks of life are cells.

All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans.

Why are cells not the same? Because they reflect the different functions they serve.

The first person to discover cells was Robert Hooke. He called them cells because they looked like monks' cells called cellula. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope. The cell theory was created by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

The three main ideas in the cell theory are
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells arise from preexisting cells

All organisms are made up of one or more cells

Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organelles chloroplast and a cell wall. All animal cells are covered in a cell membrane. The function of this is to protect the cell. The different parts of the cell are known as organelles. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is to provide the cell with its unique characteristics. The mitochondria are also known as the power centers of the cell because their function is to obtain energy from glucose by tissue respiration. Storage is the main function of the vacuole. Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a membrane. Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located in the nucleoid. There are different types of transport used in cells as well. Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires _________semi-permeable membrane _______________________________ and ____solutes_________________________.

What is the difference between active and passive transport?Passive Transport is the process of molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration to reach equilibrium and Active transport is the movement of molecules which goes against the concentration gradient (low to high) and it needs ATP.

What organelle makes the energy used in active transport?

Is a virus a living cell? No

What is contained inside a virus? DNA and RNA

What is the only life function of a virus? reproduce

Thursday, January 31, 2008

Study Questions in Anatomy Text

-Chapter one:

critical thinking:

2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's

(a) body temperature: Something hot or cold applied to thier head
(b) blood oxygen concentration: They could be put on a oxygen mask
(c) water content: They could get a iv with water fluids



4. If a patient complanied of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain? the intestines




Review Exercises:

Part A

2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.- anatomy deals with the structures of body parts and physiology considers the functions of these body parts.



4. List and describe ten characteristics of life.- movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion



6. List and describe five requirments of organisms.- water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure



7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirments you listed in item 6.- homeostasis keeps our internal environment stable and constant even though our outside environment such as food and heat.



11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.- increased repiratory activity that maintains blood levels of oxygen in the internal environment during hard excercise.



13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.- axial includes the head, neck and trunk. The appendicular includes the upper and lower limbs.



14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within each. dorsal: subdivided into two parts- cranial cavity; brain and verterbral canal; spinal cord. Ventral: thoracic and abdominopelvic.



Part B

1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:

(a) stomach- abdominal

(b) heart- mediastinum (thoracic)

(c) brain- cranial (dorsal)

(d) liver- abdominal

(e) trachea- mediastinum (thoracic)

(f) rectum- pelvic

(g) spinal cord- verterbral (dorsal)

(h) esophagus- mediastinum (thoracic)

(i) spleen- abdominal

(j) urinary bladder- pelvic



3. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each of the following regions:

(a) epigastric

(b) umbilical

(c) hypogastric

(d) hypochondriac

(e) lumbar

(f) iliac

Chapter 3:

Critical Thinking:
1. Which process-diffusion, osmosis, or filtration-accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain.-Osmosis
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine.-Diffusion
c. The concentration of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low.-Filtration

Review Exercises:

2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions. -Nerve cells are long and stringy. they support the electrical impulses over them.
-Muscle cells are thick and can stretch and contract. This allows muscle movement.
-Epithelial cells can stretch and are flexible to allow movement without snapping. They also have pores so sweat can be released.

3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
nucleus, mitochondria, and the cell membrane.
Nucleus: The control center.
Mitochondria: Stores energy and allows the cell to use the energy for basic functions.
Cell Membrane: Holds all organelles within the cell together and allows materials to leave and enter the cell.
Interaction- the cell needs something to control it, it also needs something to store and hold everything together

12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum-Smooth: breakdown of lipids, soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction. Rough: ribosomes lie on its surface and the proteins on these collect for transport throughout the cell.
b. ribosome-Are packets of RNA. Messenger RNA from the cell nucleus is moved along the ribosome while transfer RNA adds individual amino acid molecules to the protein chain.
c. Golgi appartus-A stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport in cell.
d. mitochondria-Provides energy
e. lysosome-Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for inracellular digestion.
f. peroxisome-Responsible for protecting the cell against its own toxic hydrogen peroxide.
g. cilium- a hair-like structure found outside the cell which aids in the cell's movement.
h. flagellum- a hair-like structure found outside the cells that aids in movement.
i. centrosome-An area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
j. vesicle- stores and transports substances.
k. microfilament-A protein filament found in golgi
l. microtubule-A protein filament found in golgi

13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains DNA and is responsible for the unique characteristics of the cell.

14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Diffusion is when everything dissolves in a substance, and facilitated diffusion is diffusion when only some particles can dissolve and pass through.
Chapter 5:

Review Exercises:

1. Define tissue.-A group of cells performing a similar function.

2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.-Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissue

12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.-Holds everything together; blood and bones are connective tissues.

Monday, January 28, 2008

Organization of the Human body

  1. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. : anatomy is the study of structures and physiology is the study of the functions of the structures
  2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell.: cell, tissue, organ, system
  3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what? the study of
  4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior? mucous
  5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function? tissue
  6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses? nerve tissue
  7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what does it mean? What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean? derm means skin, epi means upon
  8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean?any hole or hollow area
  9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function. : epithelial: covers the entire surface of body (skin), connective: supports and protects , muscle: contraction, and nerve: conduction of neural impulse
  10. A cell is made of ___cytoplasm_______________ except for the nucleus which is made of ______protons and neutrons____________.
  11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones? Fibrous
  12. What is an organ system? when two or more tissues combine
  13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located. cutaneous: everywhere, mucous- lines passageways to the body, serous:lines joints, fibrous: lines closed cavities, fascia: covers muscle blood vessels
  14. What is the function of the cell membrane? to protect the cell The nucleus? the control center
  15. The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of. Epidermis-it’s harder skin where there’s more pressure. Dermis-lubricates hair and skin and regulates body temperature.

Thursday, January 24, 2008

Saturday, January 12, 2008

Drills on diction

  1. adip- fat; adipose- fatty tissue -Adipose provides insulation.
  2. bio- life; biology – the study of life -I took biology last semester with Dr. Mausdley.
  3. capit- head; decapitate- to take off the head -Back in the old days, they would decapitate people as punishment.
  4. cephal- head; cephalad- toward the head - Cephalad is a surgical term.
  5. corp- body; corpus- the main part of a bodily structure or organ - The corpus was in the morgue awaiting identification.
  6. crani- skull; cranium- pertaining to the skull - The cranium is located inside the head.
  7. dent- tooth; dentist – one who specializes in the study of teeth -I went to the dentist today, and they said my teeth were clean!
  8. hist- tissue; histology - the study of tissues - Histology is a subject that can be taken in medical school.
  9. later- side; lateral- pertaining to the side -The patient was turned lateral to the ultrasound machine.
  10. ocul- eye; oculist –one who specializes in the study of the eye - I went to the oculist (or ophthalmologist) today for an eye exam.
  11. oste- bone; osteoporosis-pores or holes in bones - My grandma says she’s at the age to get osteoporosis, so she is taking medication to stregthen her bones.
  12. phag- eat; phagocyte- a cell that eats - One type of white blood cells is the phagocyte.
  13. pleur- side; pleuraPublish Post- Serious infection can affect the plerua and create pain and difficulty breathing.
  14. quad- four; quadruplets- a group of four related by behavior - The lady’s belly was huge; turns out she’s having quadruplets!
  15. stern- chest; sternum-pertaining to the bone in the chest - The sternum is a important bone in our body.
  16. alb- white; albino-lacking normal pigmentation - The mixture of genes sometimes makes people albino.
  17. ad- toward; adrenaline-epinephrine - When I got to the top of the ride acrophobia I got an adrenaline rush!
  18. angi- vessel; angiograph- record of a vessel -A angiograph allows the doctor to examine the vessels to determine a better diagnosis.
  19. auto- self; autobiography- story of one's life written by self - I hate reading autobiographies!
  20. centi- hundred; centimeter- a unit of length equal to 1/100 of a meter - In math one of the first measurements you learn is the centimeter.
  21. circum- around; circumference-the boundary line of a circle - My baby’s head was 13.5 inches in circumference.
  22. dextro- right; dextrin-a white or yellow powder used chiefly as an adhesive - A low molecular weight carbohydrate is also now as dextrin.
  23. epi- upon; epidural-located around the dura mater- As soon as I got an epidural, I was numb!
  24. ex- out of; extension- the position assumed by extending a limb - It is a good idea to extend your limbs and stretch prior to jogging.
  25. inter- between; internal- inside of the body -The doctor said I need serious surgery because of my internal bleeding.
  26. non- not; nonviable- not living - A miscarriage occurs when there is a nonviable fetus.
  27. ortho- straight; orthodontics-one who specializes in the straightening of teeth - I want my teeth to be straight, so I’m going to the orthodontics.
  28. path- disease; pathological-pertaining to the origin - A pathologist studies the causes or origins of diseases.
  29. pseudo- false; pseudopodium- Amoebas have pseudopodia.
  30. sinistro- left; sinistrad- toward the left side - The body was facing sinistrad to the surgeon.
  31. cide- kill; pesticide-a solution designed to kill - Pesticide really does help keep bugs away.
  32. it is- inflame; hepatitis-inflammatino of the liver - The hepatitis B shot is very important to our health.
  33. logy- study of; biology- study of life - Biology is the study of life and a very popular subject for students that are pre-med.
  34. meter- measure; thermometer-instrument used to measure - I thought I had a fever, so I checked my temperature with my thermometer.
  35. plasty- formed; osteoplasty- formation of bone - Orthopedics involves learning all about the bones, including osteoplasty.
  36. scope- examine; microscope- instrument used to examine - We looked at all kinds of bacteria through the microscope.

Introduction to Anatomy Vocabulary on NovaNET

  1. frontal plane- A plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plane that separates the body into front and back portions.
  2. sagittal plane- A longitudinal plane that divides the body of a bilaterally symmetrical animal into right and left sections.
  3. Transverse plane- a plane across the body at right angles to the coronal and sagittal plane and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a body or object; also, a plane dividing the body into an upper and lower section; also called horizontal plane.
  4. Medial- near the median plane.
  5. superficial- near the surface
  6. Superior- higher in place or position; situated above another.
  7. Inferior- lower in place or position; situated beneath another.
  8. Anterior- pertaining to or toward the front plane of the body, equivalent to the ventral surface of quadrupeds.
  9. Posterior- pertaining to or toward the back plane of the body, equivalent to the dorsal surface of quadrupeds.
  10. distal- situated away from the point of origin or attachment, as of a limb or bone; terminal.
  11. proximal- situated toward the point of origin or attachment, as of a limb or bone
  12. flexion- the act of bending a limb.
  13. extension- the act of straightening a limb.
  14. pronation- rotation of the hand or forearm so that the surface of the palm is facing downward or toward the back
  15. supine- lying face or front upward
  16. abduction- moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body
  17. adduction- To draw inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or limb.
  18. circumduction- The circular movement of a limb such that the distal end of the limb delineates an arc.
  19. inversion- the turning inward of a part, as the foot.
  20. eversion- a turning or being turned outward or inside out.
  21. elevation- the height to which something is elevated or to which it rises
  22. depression- a depressed or sunken place or part; an area lower than the surrounding surface., or sadness; gloom; dejection
  23. anatomical position- position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another.
  24. dorsal- situated on or toward the upper side of the body, equivalent to the back, or posterior, in humans.
  25. ventral- situated on or toward the lower, abdominal plane of the body; equivalent to the front, or anterior, in humans.
  26. interior- the internal or inner part; inside
  27. exterior- outer; being on the outer side
  28. peripheral- near the surface or outside of; external
  29. lateral- near the side